Family Meals and Healthy Eating Can Go Hand in Hand

No matter if your family is a group of two or 20; one thing that every family has is common is a need to have meals prepared. In many cases, busy families get food from takeaway establishments or they go out to eat, but these can be very expensive options and unhealthy in many cases. The good news is that there are many family meals that will provide diners with healthy foods that not only taste good but support a healthy eating regime too. Families with younger members are often faced with the challenge of picky younger eaters and healthy choices that adults may eat are unappealing to small ones. Fortunately there are increasing choices which tie together family meals and healthy eating for family members of all ages.

One pot dishes for families are often the preference for healthy eating. Often these selections have healthy choices from food groups that make them perfect to prepare and cook at a moment’s notice and get on the table for the family in no time at all. Many busy parents have work, children and extracurricular activities on their agenda every day and there simply is no time to spend hours in the kitchen slaving over the stove in order to get a family meal is prepared. Being health conscious means family meals need to have the right nutritional content and taste good as well.

Selecting family meals with healthy contents starts with making the right choices at the grocery store to begin with. The Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) traffic light scheme is a great way to make sure that your shopping cart is filled with food choices that are good for you. The FSA has developed a package labelling program that can help to create family meals from healthier options when shopping.

Taking notice of the amount of fat, saturated fat, sugars and salt in a product helps to understand what the best choices are. Red dots indicate that these items are in high in such contents and should be avoided or only eaten occasionally. Orange dots indicate medium content of the food groups mentioned above. Orange products are an in between choice that are neither high nor low in fats, salt, calories and so on. Products with green dots are the most nutritious choices and are excellent for using in preparing family meals that are good for you and taste delicious.

» Link to this page : http://www.articlecube.com/Article/Family-Meals-and-Healthy-Eating-Can-Go-Hand-in-Hand/1190049

 Source : Copyright 2005-2012 - ArticleCube, All rights reserved.
Use of our service is protected by our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Service

Dental Hygiene And Your Health

When most people think about the term work benefits, they are most always talking about health insurance followed closely by dental insurance. This should come as no surprise as everyone knows that you need dental insurance. Yes, dental insurance is atop many people's lists of important job perks. But why exactly is dental insurance so important and necessary?

That answer can be found in the midst of a debilitating toothache that seems to simultaneously throw your world into one giant throbbing, aching tooth. In fact, few things that can disturb your day more than a bad tooth. This is why it is imperative that people have a good dental insurance plan. More and more employers are starting to systematically include dental insurance as part of their benefit package. It's undeniable that dental health is very important, and doctors are emphasizing this idea each day.


Currently, only 57% of Americans under age 65 have dental insurance, through their employers compared with 85% for medical insurance. Unfortunately, many companies are being forced to take a hard look at how they spend their limited health-care dollars, meaning that dental insurance tops the list of benefits employers are looking to cut. Companies argue dental insurance is a nonessential benefit, since a patient's total financial risk is relatively low. After all, a medical catastrophe could wipe you out financially - something that's unlikely to happen with even the most costly dental expenses.

Dental health can also be attributed to other physical health issues. For example, Gingivitis, which is an infection of the soft tissues of the mouth, if left untreated, can become a serious problem that could land someone in the hospital. Neglecting your teeth can be bad news when it comes to your overall health.

Unfortunately in past decades, regular dental checkups and preventive care could only be afforded by the upper middle-class and wealthy groups. So it turned out that before dental insurance became widespread, the average person did not seek regular dental checkups and saw a dentist only when something hurt really badly. Millions of people now get regular preventive care that in the past might not have done so, and the nation's dental health is much better for that change.

But even in this day and age, there is still a large group of people that simply cannot afford to pay for any kind of dental insurance. A severe lack of finances makes it impossible to pay for any type of dental care. For people who lack proper dental insurance, dental procedures or simple regular dental checkups are often extremely expensive. If people cannot afford to pay for these treatments themselves, the result is simply that they are missing out on essential dental care. After a trip to the dentist, some people are often left with a nasty taste in their mouth, not from the experience, but after they have seen how much they owe.

The biggest dental problem that needs proper medical care is tooth and gum disease. These gum and tooth problems can rapidly grow worse and this can even result in tooth decay to a point where people suffering from these problems are not even able to properly use their teeth and help is needed. Treatment of tooth decay and seriously deteriorated teeth are unaffordable for many consumers, and if they want to avoid losing their teeth, it is important to get some kind of care that is affordable. This is another factor highlighting the importance of dental insurance.

Without dental insurance, there would be many more people across the nation who would be suffering. Furthermore, people would have to deal with the rising costs of premium dental health care. A filling for example might cost anywhere from $125-$200 depending on the region of the country where they live. Routine examinations and cleanings will cost the patient at least $75, which is nothing when compared to dental x-rays which can be over $200. Other procedures such as root canals can cost up to $1,000, and cosmetic dentistry averages $1500 to $3000, depending on the procedure.

Good dental insurance reduces the cost of routine dental care, often paying in full for one set of x-rays and a cleaning each year. That routine care can prevent many of the more expensive emergencies. Even more important, routine dental examinations can often turn up the first signs of more serious health problems - the first signs of illnesses like diabetes are often found in your mouth. Comprehensive dental insurance is one of the key ingredients in good health care.

Is dental insurance really necessary? The answer is a definite yes.

Article Directory: http://www.articledashboard.com

Source: © 2005-2011 Article Dashboard/Dental Hygiene And Your Health

The Pros and Cons of Very Low Calorie Diets

Very low calorie diets are seen in different ways as there are many opinions on them. People support them and say they are the best way to lose weight, whilst others are against them and say they are not healthy. If you are thinking about trying such a diet, you should gather as much information as you can, and also ask your doctor's advice. The following facts about very low calorie diets can be a good starting point for your research.

As with any severe diet or health change, there is a chance to experience certain ill effects. When reducing your calorie intake, you may experience some effects that are less than pleasant. The list of possible harmful effects may be comprised of symptoms like fatigue, diarrhea, nausea and others. There have been known cases where gallstones build with extreme, rapid weight reduction; most likely caused by the pace with which the weight dropped off. Any time you are on one of these diets and start seeing any of these symptoms, contact your physician.

The Rice Diet was comprised in the 1930s by Walter Kempner, who felt that a food regimen that was largely made up of rice; was a good treatment for such illnesses as hypertension and kidney disease. This food regimen could be useful to you if you are interested in reducing your size. You had better like rice, even though it is not the sole food you eat; it what you eat with entirely all else. The main benefit of the Rice Diet is that it eliminates all of the refined foods and is very limited in fat, salt and sugar. On the other hand, this is a fairly extreme diet so that it's not something most people will want to do forever.

From the point of view of overall fitness, very low calorie diets have serious drawbacks. Fat is not all you will lose by restricting your calories, you will also lose muscle which can be bad for several reasons. When women go on this diet there is an increased risk of osteoporosis because of the deficiency of dairy foods and calcium. Without the calories you are likely to lack energy but you can work out to keep your muscle mass up. Some people are at risk of anemia. Unless you are seriously overweight then you should not be thinking about going on a very low calorie diet as it could risk your health.

In conclusion, very low calorie diets aren't the best solution for everyone, but if you need to lose a lot of weight, and your doctor tells you it's safe, you may want to try such a diet. There are a few different options, some of which we've looked at in this article. There is a myriad of choices out there, all open for consideration; just remember to check out your options and take heed to testimonials and related stories.

Source : GoArticles.com © 2012, All Rights Reserved/The Pros and Cons of Very Low Calorie Diets

Health Benefits of Onion and Orange

Illiteracy is consequently the biggest obstacle in the way of improving of our health. The literates are being able to maintain their health and personality through and through. As there are more resources in the cities which are being facilitated for them than the villages. And the people residing in the country side areas are scarcely educated and unable to being updated of what technologies and medicines are being introduced to keep our health fit and strong. So by conclusively making investigations several times here in this article we will go through the health benefits of onion and orange alternatively. 

Onion-

Onion is a type of variety of plant which acceptably adds the test to the meals. There is rarely any household in the world that can be unaware of the onion. Every one of us deliberately adds onion while cooking the foods. Onion effectively increases the test of the food and turns it more delicious. But do you know the way it increases the test of food it can also accelerates your power of energy and boost up yourself confidence. 

Wide-ranging claims have been made for the effectiveness of the onions against conditions ranging from the common cold to heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and other diseases. Onions are considerably accepted to be the excellent source of chemical compound that is claimed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Sufficiently, increasing the consumption of onions means direct decreasing the risk of head and neck cancer.


Onions are used as to heal the blisters and boils in many part of the underdeveloped world so as can be done in the country side areas where people are not more familiar with the latest medicines and technologies. Onions can be good remedies for the woman who go through menopause. As during the menopause a woman is at a high risk of osteoporosis. Placing Half-baked onion with sugar over the finger and fingernail in case of inflammation helps to reduce inflammation.

Orange-

Orange as known as a big storehouse of vitamin C is not enough. But it has several more beneficial resources such as calcium, folic acid, beta carotene, potassium, magnesium, thiamin etc. To be more effective, the skin of the orange has as much vitamin C as the orange itself. So make a habit to eat the skin also. Eating orange can have amazing benefits.

Orange is the excellent diet foe the dieters. The presence of pectin in the orange helps to suppress appetite for up to four hours after eating. Oranges are also helpful for the persons as they prevent birth defects and protect the heart. Orange has also the potential to with the skin cancer. It significantly reduces the risk of skin cancer. You should add orange to your salad as it contains fiber especially if you are worried of your weight. Orange increases the immune system and reduces the case of communicative disease like cold, viral fever etc. if you are habitually taking the orange juice means you are staying away from the risk of kidney failure and stone. Besides this orange can also fight with the some dreadful disease like tuberculosis, , Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia and Rheumatism.

This article has been written and posted by a health advisor working at bookmydoctor.com, who also provides free of cost consultancy to patients and advise to search and find, benefits of onion skin By visiting the site they can know Onion Benefits in winter, patients can also read articles benefits of orange.

This article is copyright
Source: http://www.articlealley.com/health-benefits-of-onion-and-orange-2431454.html

a healthy, tasty way to lose weight

Life rushes past us with its characteristic impatience. It is, at the best of times, a fine balancing act to perform. More so for a woman. Life for her is a big rush. How she manages the contradictions of modern life is almost a wonder. But even as she brings a ruthless efficiency to whatever she does she loses out on a lot of things. Most of all on looking after herself. Rushed mornings mostly mean no time for food as she gets busy with getting her husband and children ready for the day. Hunger catching up later in the day leads to binge eating- a healthcare nightmare of sorts. Over a period of time this leads to a considerable weight gain – unhealthy in the extreme. However, this is just one of the reasons. There are many more. According to a survey about 34% of the respondents when asked which lifestyle factor contributed the most to their weight gain said ‘ Having babies’ was mainly responsible. About 12% cited ‘getting married’ as a cause1

Nevertheless problems seek solutions. There are so many. However before discussing the actual solutions we might as well ask ourselves what kind of a solution are we really talking about. ‘Understanding health basics – and not trying to do too much, too fast ensures that weight reduction achieved doesn’t have any adverse impact. Little things such as trying new healthy foods can make a difference, says Leslie Fink, a Nutritionist at weight watchers.com2. Slow weight reduction, therefore, is the key.


Foster, a Nutritionist recommends aiming to shed 1 – 2 pounds per week. Any more and there is a risk of losing muscle as well as fat, she says3. ‘ When you reduce calories drastically you will also lose valuable muscle weight. This makes sense for the body too because the muscles are not easy to maintain and cost the bodies more calories to maintain than fat. Losing muscle weight is thus a double whammy; You are not only losing something that is valuable and difficult to grow but are losing something that would have been a valuable ally in helping you lose what you really want to lose: Fat (Muscles increase your metabolism and help you lose fat)’ 4.

Drastic weight reduction is, therefore, out. How do we go about achieving a slow, healthy weight reduction then? Gymming and Aerobics are some of the good options but might demand too much in terms of time and money commitments. Both working women and housewives might find it difficult to spare time in view of their respective commitments at office and home.

There is one other way though- a tasty one that sets you on the road to a healthy weight management programme without any hassles. The task of losing weight need not be a daunting one any longer. You could actually eat your way through it! There’s definitely a healthy way to overcome the initial inertia that plagues most of the women who want to lose weight. What’s more! All this can be achieved in a matter of 2 weeks.

According to ‘A Guide to Healthy Weight loss(pcrm.org)’ – ‘Of the many ways to lose weight one of the simplest is: Cut out the foods that are high in fat and devoid of fiber and increase the foods that are low in fat and full of fiber. It is best to choose products that have less than 2 grams of fat per serving’

How about beginning your day with a high fiber breakfast cereal that is 98 per cent fat free. Here is how it works. It provides fibre, which, among its other boons helps you feel full. It also contains a lot of proteins to satiate you. What is more, it is fortified with essential vitamins like A, B and C. (While vitamins A and C work as antioxidants Vitamin B is important for energy release, healthy child bearing and pre-menstrual syndrome). And with a light coating of honey it tastes delicious.

A study from the Journal of the American Dietetic Association found that women who ate cereal were 30 per cent less likely to be overweight than those who ate other breakfast foods. To get the most bang for your breakfast choose fiber rich, low fat cereals.

So here’s an idea- Begin your day with a bowl (30 grams) of a 98 per cent fat free cereal breakfast. You could take it with skimmed milk and fruit. You could also have this cereal either for Lunch or for Dinner. Fit it into a ‘balanced diet and exercise’ plan and you have a winner. It definitely adds more punch to your weight management programme and solves quite a few of your weight gain problems in just two weeks. Talk about quick solutions!

According to Harvard Health Publications, ‘A healthy breakfast that includes high fiber cereal can help you lose weight and keep Diabetes, Heart disease and stroke at bay – especially when the menu also includes non fat milk and fruits’.

Quite a healthy way to lose weight actually. The key then is to keep on eating healthy coupled with a regular exercise schedule and slow weight reduction regimens.

This article is copyright
Source: http://www.articlealley.com/a-healthy-tasty-way-to-lose-weight-2431649.html

What Are The Best Foods For Arthritis?

Interested in learning about a diet built to fight arthritis? Or what the best foods for arthritis are? Did you know that diet can reduce inflammation and assist your body the healing of damaged joint tissue? This article will tell you what you need to eat to ease the pain and symptoms of arthritis.

Since the 1950’s, people’s diets all over the world have deteriorated. Today, the majority of people living in first world countries focus more on convenience than health.  

This focus on convenient, along with today’s foods contents of antibiotics, hormones, pesticides, extra fat, extra sugar and flavor enhancing chemicals, has led to a ton of health problems and the rise of diseases such as, diabetes, heart disease, obesity and arthritis. 

Eat drink and be healthy: The Harvard medical school guild to healthy eating goes further into the topic of today’s increase of disease and its link to diet.  

Diet is also known to be the number one cause of gouty arthritis. Gout used to be referred to as the disease of the kings or the rich man's disease. This was because the rich were the only ones who could afford to eat the foods that were linked to gout.  

A diet built to help beat arthritis should be rich in foods that assist our body in reducing its inflammation, and low in foods that can cause inflammation. Some of the best foods for arthritis are foods that reduce our body’s creation of inflammation.

Anti-Inflammatory Alkaline Foods

For health reasons, a lot of people follow the alkaline diet. The alkaline diet has a ton of great health benefits, including: assisting the body’s ability to remove free-radicals; in-turn reducing our chances of disease and lessening the impact of stress on our body. Some of the best foods for arthritis are alkaline.

Alkaline foods are simply foods on the high side of the pH scale. PH is a measurement of acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale runs from 0-14 with seven, in the middle, being neutral. Everything below seven is acidic and everything above seven is alkaline. If we focus on consuming foods with a pH higher than seven, our body’s pH will rise, reducing the inflammation our body is able to create.  

The best foods for arthritis on the alkaline side of the scale are generally the more healthy foods, such as green vegetables and complex carbohydrates. Meat is generally acidic, but some more so than others. It is important to note that a food which is acidic or alkaline outside the body doesn’t necessarily have the same effect after it has been eaten and digested.

An example of this is citrus fruits. Citrus fruits are acidic by nature, but turn alkaline in the body due to their high content of alkaline vitamins.  

Unfortunately, there are foods that are great for us in some ways, yet are acidic and can upset the pH balance we are trying to achieve with our arthritis diet. An example of this would be tomatoes. Tomatoes are good for you and can assist your body in the removal of free-radicals, but they are not one of the best foods for arthritis.

Alkaline Foods & Meals

Most vegetables should be included amongst the best foods for arthritis and are usually alkaline. Alkaline vegetables include, but are not limited to: wheat grass, broccoli, parsley, garlic, raw spinach, barley grass, carrots, cucumbers, asparagus, lettuce, onions, peas, celery, okra, squash, corn, and celery.

Most fruits are also alkaline and include: apples, pears, lemons, limes, papayas, berries, melons, avocados, cherries, grapes, figs, kiwi, dates, and bananas.

It is important to note that the cooking process will not destroy a foods alkalising ability, yet some forms of cooking can lessen the pH elevating affect by draining nutrients. Boiling vegetables is one of those methods we would like to avoid.

These alkaline foods can be made into a variety of meals by adding a complex carbohydrate and a lean meat, such as brown rice and yams for carbs and fish or chicken for a lean meat.

I have found brown rice to go very well with fish and spinach. Steamed broccoli with a non-fat cheese sauce tastes great with yams and spiced chicken. There are a ton of very healthy alkaline meals you can make with minimal effort. Feel free to get creative.


Author Michael Martin is a Sports Nutritionist that has been in the business of naturally treating people’s arthritis since 2002. Want to learn more about the best foods for arthritis? or a natural arthritis treatment?just click the links and check it out.

This article is free for republishing
Source: http://michaelmartin3.articlealley.com/what-are-the-best-foods-for-arthritis-2399463.html

Eating Healthy - Selecting Food Ingredients, Quantity and Preparation

Ads by Google

Eat to Lose Weight? www.AlSearsMD.com/WeightLoss Learn What Foods to Eat to Lose Weight. Find Out Now, Free!

Mencari Resep Masakan? www.warisankuliner.com Mencari resep masakan kesini saja Berikut tips & cara memasak

I Love Chinese Cooking www.daydaycook.com Easy recipes for Chinese food Share the joy of cooking everyday

Everyone knows that one should eat healthily to have a good health. However, with our busy schedules, we may have a tendency to neglect our body needs which subsequently lead to many diseases that some are chronic such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure. The risk is even higher for those who have family history of these diseases. As the saying goes, prevention is better than cure. So, take some time to read this article and start to change your lifestyle to a healthier new you. Many people has this deliberation that by eliminating the "bad" food and only eating the "good" food is the ultimate answer towards leading a healthy lifestyle. This is a myth! All types of foods are actually important and essential to our body, provided if you consume them in the right amount and cook them using the correct method such as grilling, broiling, steaming and poaching which are healthier. Even so, if deep frying is really required in your food preparation, always use sunflower oil, vegetable oil, canola oil or olive oil and once cooked, drain on kitchen paper towel to remove the excess oil. Vegetables and fruits are preferred to be bought in food markets or during seasonal period and not via supermarkets. Usually vegetables and fruits lose its freshness when deliver to supermarkets since they travel in long distances. Kale, spinach, sprouts, broccolis and red bell peppers are among high content of vitamins and antioxidant. For fruits; acai, prunes, pomegranates, raisins and berries are antioxidant fruits. Herbs and spices have great nutritional contents. Thymes and oregano have high antioxidant, cinnamon helps reduce cholesterol level while ginger helps reduce arthritis pain. Herbs and spices can be selected either fresh or dried, but of course the best is to plant your own and use them whenever it is needed. Almost all Asian cuisines use herbs and spices as they are easily obtained in Asian countries. But now, they can be easily bought in anywhere in the world due to its importance in terms of health benefits and of course enhancing the taste of the food. What we eat makes how we are today, so select the right ingredients, right quantity and right cooking method as a turning point towards a healthy and happy person.

Let the cooking begins, in a healthier way, of course!

This healthy Asian recipes webpage has all you needed to start off with in your kitchen:http://www.allhealthyfoodsrecipes.com/

For instance, this is one of the Asian Countries we cover:
http://www.allhealthyfoodsrecipes.com/indian-healthy-food-recipes/

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/Eating Healthy - Selecting Food Ingredients, Quantity and Preparation

As the waistline of the American population grows, so, too, it seems, does the size of our dogs and cats. In fact, according to a recent study by the Association for Pet Obesity Prevention, the majority of pets in the United States are suffering from obesity, a problem that presents health risks that are just as dangerous for pets as they are for pet parents.

According to myriad studies and statistics, about 54 percent of America’s pets are overweight, and about 25 percent of dogs and 21 percent of cats are seriously obese. The health risks are the same for pets as for humans – Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, heart and respiratory disease, osteoarthritis, kidney disease, cancer and a decreased life expectancy.

Underlying Issues
The reasons for the increased size of our pets are easy enough to pinpoint for experts, who suggest that with the increase in video game popularity, kids are less likely to take Rufus for a walk or play fetch in the backyard, leading to dangerous weight increases for both kids and pets. Add to the mix fast food, high-calorie snacks and limited movement, and both kids and pets are at risk of serious obesity.

And pets don’t have to eat the same snacks to be in danger of eating too much.
That’s in part because many contemporary pet foods on the market mirror the American restaurant industry, and feature more calories than they once did. And in the same vein, as restaurant and convenience food portion sizes grow, more and more Americans are mirroring the growth spurt by increasing the size of the meals they serve their pets, as well.

A Voice for Overweight Pets Emerges
Amid this serious issue is a celebrity who is hoping to raise awareness of the pet obesity problem is Allison Sweeney, host of the top TV weight loss show “The Biggest Loser” and a longtime actress on the daytime soap opera “Days of Our Lives.” Sweeney helping her Boston terrier, Winky, drop a few pounds after she learned during a trip to the vet that Winky was overweight.

Although Sweeney learned that her dog was only two pounds overweight, for a small dog who only weighed 19 pounds, those two extra pounds made a big difference.
Sweeney learned that skipping the table scraps and getting more exercise were critical to Winky’s weight loss, and she found different ways to show her love and affection for her dog rather than feeding her treats.

If you, like many pet owners, are unable to tell if Rufus is overweight or obese, the back ribs of a healthy dog should be slightly visible and the waistline is clearly visible when looking at it from above. If ribs are hard to see and feel, see a vet to confirm if your dog is overweight. Some breeds are naturally a little thicker in the middle than others. 

Some Suggestions to Get Rufus’s Boyish Figure Back
Try cutting back daily food by a third or a fourth to start, expecting to see changes in about three or four weeks. If your beloved canine shows no significant weight loss, but since this can lead to heightened begging from hungry pups, try switching to a higher quality dog food to help bring his weight under control. Many of the low quality ones, such as those found in the supermarket, have more empty calories, thanks to the filler the manufacturers use. 

Cutting back on treats, which tend to be higher in calories, or break them into pieces so neither you nor Rufus feels as if treating is being restricted. One additional tip to consider is to pack food items in a toy like a Kong, which puts your dog to work and makes food last longer by slowing down the meal, which will leave her satisfied with less food.

It’s important to pay attention to the weight problems in our pets, especially if we want them to remain valued members of the family as long as possible.

By: Ron Ayalon

 Source Article Directory: © 2005-2011 Article Dashboard http://www.articledashboard.com/

Obesity In American Pets: Epidemic Proportions?

ജന്

Genetika
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Genetika (dari bahasa Yunani γέννω atau genno yang berarti "melahirkan") merupakan cabang biologi yang penting saat ini. Ilmu ini mempelajari berbagai aspek yang menyangkut pewarisan sifat dan variasi sifat pada organisme maupun suborganisme (seperti virus dan prion). Ada pula yang dengan singkat mengatakan, genetika adalah ilmu tentang gen. Nama "genetika" diperkenalkan oleh William Bateson pada suatu surat pribadi kepada Adam Chadwick dan ia menggunakannya pada Konferensi Internasional tentang Genetika ke-3 pada tahun 1906.

Bidang kajian genetika dimulai dari wilayah molekular hingga populasi (lihat entri biologi). Secara lebih rinci, genetika berusaha menjelaskan

* material pembawa informasi untuk diwariskan (bahan genetik),
* bagaimana informasi itu diekspresikan (ekspresi genetik), dan
* bagaimana informasi itu dipindahkan dari satu individu ke individu yang lain (pewarisan genetik).

Meskipun orang biasanya menetapkan genetika dimulai dengan ditemukannya kembali naskah artikel yang ditulis Gregor Mendel pada tahun 1900, sebetulnya kajian genetika sudah dikenal sejak masa prasejarah, seperti domestikasi dan pengembangan trah-trah murni (pemuliaan) ternak dan tanaman. Orang juga sudah mengenal efek persilangan dan perkawinan sekerabat serta membuat sejumlah prosedur dan peraturan mengenai hal tersebut sejak sebelum genetika berdiri sebagai ilmu yang mandiri. Silsilah tentang penyakit pada keluarga, misalnya, sudah dikaji orang sebelum itu. Kala itu, kajian semacam ini disebut "ilmu pewarisan" atau hereditas.
Daftar isi
[sembunyikan]

* 1 Awal mula dan konsep dasar
o 1.1 Awal mula
o 1.2 Konsep dasar
* 2 Kronologi perkembangan genetika
* 3 Cabang-cabang Genetika
o 3.1 Genetika arah-balik (reverse genetics)

[sunting] Awal mula dan konsep dasar

[sunting] Awal mula

Sejumlah percobaan terdokumentasi yang terkait dengan genetika telah banyak dilakukan pada masa sebelum Mendel, yang kelak banyak membantu memberikan bukti bagi teori Mendel. Percobaan-percobaan itu misalnya adalah sebagai berikut.

* Pembuatan Raphanobrassica melalui persilangan lobak dan kubis pada abad ke-17 oleh Köhlreuter, seorang pemulia sayuran berkebangsaan Jerman, untuk menghasilkan tanaman yang menghasilkan umbi dan krop kubis sekaligus, meskipun tidak berhasil.
* Penemuan dan penjelasan tentang pembuahan berganda pada tumbuhan berbunga (Magnoliophyta) oleh E. Strassburger (1878) dan S. Nawaschin (1898);
* Percobaan terhadap ribuan persilangan oleh Charles Darwin pada abad ke-19 yang hasilnya diterbitkan pada 1896 dengan judul The variation of animals and plants under domestication) dan berhasil mengidentifikasi adanya penurunan penampilan pada generasi hasil perkawinan sekerabat (depresi inbred) dan penguatan penampilan pada hasil persilangan antarinbred (heterosis) meskipun dia tidak bisa memberikan penjelasan;
* Usaha menjelaskan kemiripan antara orang tua dan anak oleh Karl Pearson melalui metode regresi (yang malah menjadi dasar dari banyak teknik statistika modern).

Pada masa pra-Mendel, orang belum mengenal gen dan kromosom (meskipun DNA sudah diekstraksi namun pada abad ke-19 belum diketahui fungsinya). Saat itu orang masih beranggapan bahwa sifat diwariskan lewat sperma (tetua betina tidak menyumbang apa pun terhadap sifat anaknya).

Peletakan dasar ilmiah melalui percobaan sistematik baru dilakukan pada paruh akhir abad ke-19 oleh Gregor Johann Mendel. Ia adalah seorang biarawan dari Brno (Brünn dalam bahasa Jerman), Kekaisaran Austro-Hungaria (sekarang bagian dari Republik Ceko). Mendel disepakati umum sebagai 'pendiri genetika' setelah karyanya "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" atau Percobaan mengenai Persilangan Tanaman (dipublikasi cetak pada tahun 1866) ditemukan kembali secara terpisah oleh Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns, dan Erich von Tschermak pada tahun 1900. Dalam karyanya itu, Mendel pertama kali menemukan bahwa pewarisan sifat pada tanaman (ia menggunakan tujuh sifat pada tanaman kapri, Pisum sativum) mengikuti sejumlah nisbah matematika yang sederhana. Yang lebih penting, ia dapat menjelaskan bagaimana nisbah-nisbah ini terjadi, melalui apa yang dikenal sebagai 'Hukum Pewarisan Mendel'.

[sunting] Konsep dasar

Dari karya ini, orang mulai mengenal konsep gen (Mendel menyebutnya 'faktor'). Gen adalah pembawa sifat. Alel adalah ekspresi alternatif dari gen dalam kaitan dengan suatu sifat. Setiap individu disomik selalu memiliki sepasang alel, yang berkaitan dengan suatu sifat yang khas, masing-masing berasal dari tetuanya. Status dari pasangan alel ini dinamakan genotipe. Apabila suatu individu memiliki pasangan alel sama, genotipe individu itu bergenotipe homozigot, apabila pasangannya berbeda, genotipe individu yang bersangkutan dalam keadaan heterozigot. Genotipe terkait dengan dengan sifat yang teramati. Sifat yang terkait dengan suatu genotipe disebut fenotipe.

[sunting] Kronologi perkembangan genetika

Setelah penemuan ulang karya Mendel, genetika berkembang sangat pesat. Perkembangan genetika sering kali menjadi contoh klasik mengenai penggunaan metode ilmiah dalam ilmu pengetahuan atau sains.

Berikut adalah tahapan-tahapan perkembangan genetika:

1859 Charles Darwin menerbitkan The Origin of Species, sebagai dasar variasi genetik.;
1865 Gregor Mendel menyerahkan naskah Percobaan mengenai Persilangan Tanaman;
1878 E. Strassburger memberikan penjelasan mengenai pembuahan berganda;
1900 Penemuan kembali hasil karya Mendel secara terpisah oleh Hugo de Vries (Belgia), Carl Correns (Jerman), dan Erich von Tschermak (Austro-Hungaria) ==> awal genetika klasik;
1903 Kromosom diketahui menjadi unit pewarisan genetik;
1905 Pakar biologi Inggris William Bateson mengkoinekan istilah 'genetika';
1908 dan 1909 Peletakan dasar teori genetika populasi oleh Weinberg (dokter dari Jerman) dan secara terpisah oleh James W. Hardy (ahli matematika Inggris) ==> awal genetika populasi;
1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan menunjukkan bahwa gen-gen berada pada kromosom, menggunakan lalat buah (Drosophila melanogaster) ==> awal sitogenetika;
1913 Alfred Sturtevant membuat peta genetik pertama dari suatu kromosom;
1918 Ronald Fisher (ahli biostatistika dari Inggris) menerbitkan On the correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance (secara bebas berarti "Keterkaitan antarkerabat berdasarkan pewarisan Mendel"), yang mengakhiri perseteruan antara teori biometri (Pearson dkk.) dan teori Mendel sekaligus mengawali sintesis keduanya ==> awal genetika kuantitatif;
1927 Perubahan fisik pada gen disebut mutasi;
1928 Frederick Griffith menemukan suatu molekul pembawa sifat yang dapat dipindahkan antarbakteri (konjugasi);
1931 Pindah silang menyebabkan terjadinya rekombinasi;
1941 Edward Lawrie Tatum and George Wells Beadle menunjukkan bahwa gen-gen menyandi protein, ==> awal dogma pokok genetika;
1944 Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty mengisolasi DNA sebagai bahan genetik (mereka menyebutnya prinsip transformasi);
1950 Erwin Chargaff menunjukkan adanya aturan umum yang berlaku untuk empat nukleotida pada asam nukleat, misalnya adenin cenderung sama banyak dengan timin;
1950 Barbara McClintock menemukan transposon pada jagung;
1952 Hershey dan Chase membuktikan kalau informasi genetik bakteriofag (dan semua organisme lain) adalah DNA;
1953 Teka-teki struktur DNA dijawab oleh James D. Watson dan Francis Crick berupa pilin ganda (double helix), berdasarkan gambar-gambar difraksi sinar X DNA dari Rosalind Franklin ==> awal genetika molekular;
1956 Jo Hin Tjio dan Albert Levan memastikan bahwa kromosom manusia berjumlah 46;
1958 Eksperimen Meselson-Stahl menunjukkan bahwa DNA digandakan (direplikasi) secara semikonservatif;
1961 Kode genetik tersusun secara triplet;
1964 Howard Temin menunjukkan dengan virusRNA bahwa dogma pokok dari tidak selalu berlaku;
1970 Enzim restriksi ditemukan pada bakteri Haemophilus influenzae, memungkinan dilakukannya pemotongan dan penyambungan DNA oleh peneliti (lihat juga RFLP) ==> awal bioteknologi modern;
1977 Sekuensing DNA pertama kali oleh Fred Sanger, Walter Gilbert, dan Allan Maxam yang bekerja secara terpisah. Tim Sanger berhasil melakukan sekuensing seluruh genom Bacteriofag Φ-X174;, suatu virus ==> awal genomika;
1983 Perbanyakan (amplifikasi) DNA dapat dilakukan dengan mudah setelah Kary Banks Mullis menemukan Reaksi Berantai Polymerase (PCR);
1985 Alec Jeffreys menemukan teknik sidik jari genetik.
1989 Sekuensing pertama kali terhadap gen manusia pengkode protein CFTR penyebab cystic fibrosis;
1989 Peletakan landasan statistika yang kuat bagi analisis lokus sifat kuantitatif (analisis QTL) ;
1995 Sekuensing genom Haemophilus influenzae, yang menjadi sekuensing genom pertama terhadap organisme yang hidup bebas;
1996 Sekuensing pertama terhadap eukariota: khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae;
1998 Hasil sekuensing pertama terhadap eukariota multiselular, nematoda Caenorhabditis elegans, diumumkan;
2001 Draf awal urutan genom manusia dirilis bersamaan dengan mulainya Human Genome Project;
2003 Proyek Genom Manusia (Human Genome Project) menyelesaikan 99% pekerjaannya pada tanggal (14 April) dengan akurasi 99.99% [1]

[sunting] Cabang-cabang Genetika

Genetika berkembang baik sebagai ilmu murni maupun ilmu terapan. Cabang-cabang ilmu ini terbentuk terutama sebagai akibat pendalaman terhadap suatu aspek tertentu dari objek kajiannya.

Cabang-cabang murni genetika :

* genetika molekular
* genetika sel (sitogenetika)
* genetika populasi
* genetika kuantitatif
* genetika perkembangan

Cabang-cabang terapan genetika :

* genetika kedokteran
* ilmu pemuliaan
* rekayasa genetika atau rekayasa gen

Bioteknologi merupakan ilmu terapan yang tidak secara langsung merupakan cabang genetika tetapi sangat terkait dengan perkembangan di bidang genetika.

[sunting] Genetika arah-balik (reverse genetics)

Kajian genetika klasik dimulai dari gejala fenotipe (yang tampak oleh pengamatan manusia) lalu dicarikan penjelasan genotipiknya hingga ke aras gen. Berkembangnya teknik-teknik dalam genetika molekular secara cepat dan efisien memunculkan filosofi baru dalam metodologi genetika, dengan membalik arah kajian. Karena banyak gen yang sudah diidentifikasi sekuensnya, orang memasukkan atau mengubah suatu gen dalam kromosom lalu melihat implikasi fenotipik yang terjadi. Teknik-teknik analisis yang menggunakan filosofi ini dikelompokkan dalam kajian genetika arah-balik atau reverse genetics, sementara teknik kajian genetika klasik dijuluki genetika arah-maju atau forward genetics.

Healthy Eating Benefits

The historic saying "you are what you eat" has way more fact to it in comparison to not. Mainly because our entire body functionality hinges largely upon what we consume, having healthy eating habitual patterns are much more critical to ones overall health compared to the moment ever thought. Healthy eating can not basically be some thing that individuals do whenever we are trying to lose weight. It must be a way of existence that books what we put right into our system. The real secret to healthy eating practices is balance, eating sparsely, and variation.
The greatest problem with the idea of "healthy eating" is the fact that medical and scientific fields of study have no general consensus about what it genuinely signifies and / or entails. The public is routinely and always bombarded with different type of ideas and shows of view. Healthy eating is just about the catch keyword to indicate countless different things, together a lot of differing genres, it is actually uncomplicated to come to be overwhelmed, if not fully paralyzed scheming to make up to date selections.
Basically on the subject of every place we turn we are getting flooded with mail messages about what is "good" versus what is "bad" for us to consume. Entire marketing campaigns are setup to focus on purchasers that are planning to have healthy. Fashions appear and vanish, leaving the mass media telling us that some thing is healthy, only to turn all across a year later and find fault in it. The mixed signals that happen to be sent to the purchaser become tricky to decode between what is basically healthy, and what is simply a fad or catch key phrase. Locating the suitable foods for healthy eating has developed into full-time job for all those that happen to be careful.
If you were to adhere to what the "medical experts" reveal is healthy, then you would be changing ones eating habits in relation to any month. The things that are believed "healthy" are disproved so on a continual basis, creating us all reassess exactly who we must trust and / or hear. One truth remains, yet, there are actually certain foods that may often be on the "healthy" list. Healthy eating incorporates eating things that are grown normally and so are unaltered, they are routinely a safe and sound bet whenever wanting to discover foods to function as the target of healthy eating habits.
All new fruits and vegetables and fruits are a staple to any healthy eating diet. Sad to say, people take healthy foods like vegetables and fruits, and add dips and sauces that could include a significant amount of fat and calories which might sabotage their diet. When you order out, despite the fact that greens may typically appear to be a healthy alternative, it can certainly be deceiving. In an effort to make their dishes much more alluring, various restaurants and franchises, add ingredients which are less in contrast to healthy. Various eating places add more calories and / or additives that truly disturb out of the healthy content material of the dish itself. What show up to be healthy on the eating place menu aren't often so. Dining establishments add things to produce their food taste fine. For their first aim is not ones healthy eating habitual patterns, therefore it is commonly very good to test along with the host with regards to calorie and dietary article content in the event you are worried.
The eighties were damaged along with the cautions of eating fat and also how it would, as a matter of fact, make you fat. Whilst it is actually real, there are particular fats that you simply ought to limit and / or not include from your daily diet, namely bad fats, unsaturated fats are required from the human body and therefore are crucial for your body systems. In the event you don't eat the good quantity of fat, ones body will produce its own and worse yet, not having eating fat in your food, ones system will be a lot less probably to trigger ones brain to let it know whenever you are comprehensive.
Sugar has as well come under fire being a food to step away from. It's actually legitimate that sugar is not superior for your body, even so, the alternatives that are chemically created to add directly into foods whenever sugars is taken out, is actually more frustrating just for you. Sugar substitutes have been shown to improve your urge for food and had been related to just a few quite substantial ill complications.
It is actually authentic that though we sometimes consider we are eating healthy, we are indeed, unknowingly sabotaging our diets. The key ingredient to healthy eating is not about eliminating bad foods from our diet, but fairly relating to eating all the stuff sparsely. It really is alright if you wish to have that piece of cake as long while you can stop at one. One potato chip is not going to ruin your diet plan, a whole, having said that, will.
Discover the goodness of healthy eating and get more free healthy food tips by visiting us today!
About the Author
I'm a skilled Author, Entrepreneur, Blogger, EBook Creator, Writer and Publisher. I love working online with my niche, affiliate, article, & ebay Marketing businesses.

Source : GoArticles.com © 2012, All Rights Reserved/Healthy Eating Benefits.